Bonding theory emphasizes the importance of which factors in preventing criminal behavior?

Bonding theory, often associated with the perspectives of sociologists like Travis Hirschi, focuses on the social bonds that individuals form and how these bonds can deter criminal behavior. The key components of this theory are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief in societal norms.

Attachment refers to the emotional ties individuals have with others, especially family and friends, which can foster adherence to social norms and discourage deviance. Commitment reflects the investment an individual has in conventional activities, such as education and career goals, which creates a stake in conformity. Involvement indicates the degree to which people participate in conventional community activities, which can limit opportunities for engaging in criminal behavior. Finally, belief refers to an individual's acceptance of and adherence to societal norms and values, which reinforces the deterrence against offending.

This multifaceted view of social bonds illustrates that stronger connections to society can lead to lower chances of engaging in criminal activities, as individuals feel a sense of responsibility and accountability towards others and the community at large.

The other options mention factors that do not align with the principles of bonding theory; instead, they suggest a more adversarial or negative relationship with society that is not conducive to preventing crime.