What does labeling theory suggest about individuals labeled as criminals?

Labeling theory posits that when individuals are labeled as criminals, this label significantly influences their self-identity and behaviors. The theory suggests that once someone has been tagged with a criminal label, they may internalize that label and adapt their behavior accordingly. This internalization can lead to increased engagement in criminal behavior as individuals may feel marginalized or excluded from conventional social structures, prompting them to adopt the very behaviors they are labeled with.

The process of labeling reinforces a cycle where the labeled individuals may experience discrimination, stigmatization, and a diminished self-image, which could lead them to associate with others who share similar labels. This can create an environment that encourages criminal behavior, as these individuals might feel that they have little to lose or that criminal activity is their only option for acceptance. Thus, labeling theory emphasizes that the social response to criminal acts can create secondary deviance and further criminal behavior rather than deterring it.