Which of the following is regarded as a contributing factor to crime in families?

Poverty and unemployment are significant contributing factors to crime in families. When families face financial instability, it often leads to stress and a range of negative outcomes that can increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. Economic hardship can create an environment where crime seems like a viable option for survival or addressing unmet needs. Additionally, unemployment can strain family relationships and reduce the capacity for parents to provide proper supervision and support for their children, which can further exacerbate criminal behavior in younger family members.

The other options, such as parental education, independence of children, and healthy family bonding, tend to have protective effects against crime. Higher levels of parental education often correlate with better socioeconomic status and a greater emphasis on positive parenting practices, which can lead to lower crime rates among children. Independence in children, if fostered in a healthy environment, can encourage responsibility and decision-making skills that deter criminal behavior. Healthy family bonding can provide emotional support and resilience, which serve as buffers against the factors that might otherwise lead to crime.